1.3. Compiling Python code with @jit

Numba provides several utilities for code generation, but its central feature is the numba.jit() decorator. Using this decorator, you can mark a function for optimization by Numba’s JIT compiler. Various invocation modes trigger differing compilation options and behaviours.

1.3.1. Basic usage

1.3.1.1. Lazy compilation

The recommended way to use the @jit decorator is to let Numba decide when and how to optimize:

from numba import jit

@jit
def f(x, y):
    # A somewhat trivial example
    return x + y

In this mode, compilation will be deferred until the first function execution. Numba will infer the argument types at call time, and generate optimized code based on this information. Numba will also be able to compile separate specializations depending on the input types. For example, calling the f() function above with integer or complex numbers will generate different code paths:

>>> f(1, 2)
3
>>> f(1j, 2)
(2+1j)

1.3.1.2. Eager compilation

You can also tell Numba the function signature you are expecting. The function f() would now look like:

from numba import jit, int32

@jit(int32(int32, int32))
def f(x, y):
    # A somewhat trivial example
    return x + y

int32(int32, int32) is the function’s signature. In this case, the corresponding specialization will be compiled by the @jit decorator, and no other specialization will be allowed. This is useful if you want fine-grained control over types chosen by the compiler (for example, to use single-precision floats).

If you omit the return type, e.g. by writing (int32, int32) instead of int32(int32, int32), Numba will try to infer it for you. Function signatures can also be strings, and you can pass several of them as a list; see the numba.jit() documentation for more details.

Of course, the compiled function gives the expected results:

>>> f(1,2)
3

and if we specified int32 as return type, the higher-order bits get discarded:

>>> f(2**31, 2**31 + 1)
1

1.3.2. Calling and inlining other functions

Numba-compiled functions can call other compiled functions. The function calls may even be inlined in the native code, depending on optimizer heuristics. For example:

@jit
def square(x):
    return x ** 2

@jit
def hypot(x, y):
    return math.sqrt(square(x) + square(y))

The @jit decorator must be added to any such library function, otherwise Numba may generate much slower code.

1.3.3. Signature specifications

Explicit @jit signatures can use a number of types. Here are some common ones:

  • void is the return type of functions returning nothing (which actually return None when called from Python)
  • intp and uintp are pointer-sized integers (signed and unsigned, respectively)
  • intc and uintc are equivalent to C int and unsigned int integer types
  • int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, uint64 are fixed-width integers of the corresponding bit width (signed and unsigned)
  • float32 and float64 are single- and double-precision floating-point numbers, respectively
  • complex64 and complex128 are single- and double-precision complex numbers, respectively
  • array types can be specified by indexing any numeric type, e.g. float32[:] for a one-dimensional single-precision array or int8[:,:] for a two-dimensional array of 8-bit integers.

1.3.4. Compilation options

A number of keyword-only arguments can be passed to the @jit decorator.

1.3.4.1. nopython

Numba has two compilation modes: nopython mode and object mode. The former produces much faster code, but has limitations that can force Numba to fall back to the latter. To prevent Numba from falling back, and instead raise an error, pass nopython=True.

@jit(nopython=True)
def f(x, y):
    return x + y

See also

Troubleshooting and tips

1.3.4.2. nogil

Whenever Numba optimizes Python code to native code that only works on native types and variables (rather than Python objects), it is not necessary anymore to hold Python’s global interpreter lock (GIL). Numba will release the GIL when entering such a compiled function if you passed nogil=True.

@jit(nogil=True)
def f(x, y):
    return x + y

Code running with the GIL released runs concurrently with other threads executing Python or Numba code (either the same compiled function, or another one), allowing you to take advantage of multi-core systems. This will not be possible if the function is compiled in object mode.

When using nogil=True, you’ll have to be wary of the usual pitfalls of multi-threaded programming (consistency, synchronization, race conditions, etc.).

1.3.4.3. cache

To avoid compilation times each time you invoke a Python program, you can instruct Numba to write the result of function compilation into a file-based cache. This is done by passing cache=True:

@jit(cache=True)
def f(x, y):
    return x + y